THE LAUREL FOREST ON MADEIRA – A UNIQUE NATURAL RELIC
The Laurissilva forest on Madeira is a unique, living relic of prehistoric times – a remnant of the vast forests that, millions of years ago during the Tertiary period, covered large swathes of southern Europe. This evergreen, humid and mist-shrouded forest, dominated by laurel trees and lush mosses, was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1999 as an area of exceptional natural value. The Laurissilva is one of the most valuable ecosystems not only in Portugal, but in the whole of Europe. It plays a key role in Madeira’s ecosystem – storing water, protecting the soil from erosion and providing a refuge for many unique, endemic species of flora and fauna. It is not only a land of stunning landscapes and a mystical atmosphere – it is, above all, a biological treasure trove that the island has managed to preserve thanks to its geographical isolation and the preservation of its original, unspoilt natural character.
WHERE IS THE LAUREL FOREST IN MADEIRA?
The Laurissilva forest covers approximately 15,000 hectares (around 20% of the island’s area), mainly on the humid north-western and northern slopes of the island, at altitudes between 300 and 1,450 metres above sea level. This vast, humid ecosystem mainly covers steep valleys and hills, where a temperate climate prevails, favouring lush vegetation. Below we present the largest clusters and recommended places to visit in the Laurissilva, located in the following regions of Madeira:
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Rabaçal & Levada das 25 Fontes - The true heart of the Laurissilva. This is home to one of the island’s most visited spots – the Rabaçal Valley, with its spectacular waterfalls, ‘25 Fontes’ and ‘Risco’. It is a unique area in terms of species diversity
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Ribeiro Frio – A forest park with dense laurel woodland, situated at an altitude of approx. 860 m above sea level, known for its trails leading to the Balcões viewpoint. It is also a place where you can see populations of the endemic Madeira pigeon and finches. There is also a trout farm here
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Ribeira da Janela – A valley with high humidity and a dense concentration of original Laurissilva vegetation. Perfect for less-frequented treks surrounded by mountains and primeval forest.
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Vereda do Fanal (Chão da Riberia) – A magical, almost fairy-tale section of Laurissilva with sprawling, moss-covered old Ocotea foetens (Til) trees. Fanal, often shrouded in mist, creates a unique atmosphere and is a must-visit spot for photography in Madeira.
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Paul da Serra – A vast plateau at an altitude of 1,500 metres above sea level – it is not itself covered in Laurissilva, but is surrounded by many valleys where the laurel forest has been preserved in excellent condition. It is the starting point for many trails into the heart of the forest, interspersed with heathland, particularly towards Rabaçal and Fanal
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Pico Ruivo – Madeira’s highest peak (1,861 m above sea level), from which trails lead down through the laurel forest and its borders with the wilderness.
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Chão das Feiteiras – Pico do Areeiro/Pico Ruivo (granite trail) – although shrub formations and scree dominate at high altitudes, some sections of the ascents in the Pico Ruivo area cross the edges of the Laurissilva forest – particularly from the direction of Achada do Teixeira and Chão das Feiteiras.
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Encumeada – A pass linking the south and north of Madeira, offering panoramic views of the mountain ridges. Trails leading from Encumeada wind through dense Laurissilva forests towards São Vicente.
Maps and accessibility – how to get to the Laurisilva forest?
Most areas of the laurel forest can be reached by car, bus or on an organised tour, e.g.:
• Funchal – Ribeiro Frio: route no. 56 or 103, operated by SIGA; the journey takes approx. 60 mins and costs €3.
• Funchal – Queimadas/Santana: route no. 56, regular city bus services; journey time up to 90 mins, cost €3.
• Paul de Serra – Rabaçal: route no. 139; journey time approx. 2 hours, cost €3 or
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access to the plateau by car or
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alternatively, a shuttle bus runs from the car park on the ER-105 (Paul de Serra) to the Rabaçal refuge – the fare is usually €5 for a single journey or €8 for a return ticket.
It’s worth getting hold of some tourist maps or offline apps (e.g. Maps.me or AllTrails), as some areas off the main trails are poorly signposted.
THE FLORA AND FAUNA OF THE LAURISILVA FOREST – WHAT WILL YOU SEE IN THE LAURISILVA FOREST?
As you wander through the Laurissilva, you find yourself immersed in a world that has survived the ages. Trees bending under the weight of moss, vines entwining the branches, and the damp air filled with the sounds of birds – it is a true spectacle of nature. The laurel forest consists mainly of laurel trees and their relatives, and its flora and fauna are filled with species you won’t find anywhere else in the world.
The most important species of trees and plants:
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Laur (Laurus novocanariensis) – a symbol of the laurel forest, evergreen, with aromatic, glossy leaves.
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Til (Ocotea foetens) – a mighty laurel tree with distinctive bark and leaves that give off a strongly aromatic scent.
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Barbusano (Apollonias barbujana) – a species endemic to Macaronesia, prized for the durability of its wood and its evergreen leaves.
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Madeira mahogany (Persea indica) – an evergreen tree, a species with soft wood and elliptical, dark leaves. Traditionally used in crafts and furniture making.
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Myrica faya – spiny laurel, with red berries, found on the edges of the Laurissilva and providing food for birds.
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Erica arborea – tree heath, reaching several metres in height. Found in the undergrowth of the Laurissilva forest.
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Clethra arborea – a woody shrub, flowering with fragrant white blossoms.
Endemic plants and flowers:
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Orchid (e.g. Dactylorhiza foliosa) – growing up to 60 cm tall, with deep purple inflorescences, flowering in late spring to early summer.
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Geranium (e.g. Geranium maderense) – a delicate perennial with large, deep pink flowers; critically endangered and listed in the IUCN Red List.
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Musschia aurea – a bell-shaped plant endemic to Madeira, with yellow flowers, growing on rocky cliffs, most commonly pollinated by local lizards.
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Sonchus fruticosus – a woody variety of sow thistle, growing up to 4 metres tall with yellow flowers, typical of Madeira’s humid forests.
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Isoplexis sceptrum – a wild relative of foxglove, a plant with orange flowers.
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Chamaemeles coriacea – a rare, aromatic shrub.
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Massaroco (Echium candicans) – an endemic shrub, known as the symbol of Madeira, growing up to 2 metres tall, with dense clusters of white, blue or purple flowers.
Animals endemic to Madeira:
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The Madeira pigeon (Columba trocaz) – Madeira’s only endemic pigeon, with grey-blue plumage, a silvery patch on the neck and a pink nape; it is the symbol of the laurel forest.
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Madeira Goldcrest (Regulus madeirensis) – the island’s smallest bird. It is characterised by its constant movement amongst the branches of the Laurissilva.
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Madeira pipistrelle (Pipistrellus maderensis) – the island’s only native, small mammal. An endangered species inhabiting tunnels, rocks and buildings across Madeira.
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Discula Iyelliana snail – an extremely rare species of snail found only in the Laurissilva forest.
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Parargexiphioides butterfly – a forest endemic, easily spotted on the trails.
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Madeira lizard (Teira dugesii) – lively and quick, often seen on rocks and low walls.
TRAILS AND TREKKING THROUGH THE LAUREL FOREST – THE BEST ROUTES
The Laurissilva Forest is not only a natural heritage site, but also a paradise for trekking enthusiasts – from easy walks along irrigation channels, through lush green trails in the heart of the forest, to more challenging climbs up rocky ridges. Every expedition allows you to feel the magic of ancient trees and discover the extraordinary corners of this unique jungle.
Most popular routes:
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Levada do Caldeirão Verde – a spectacular trail through tunnels, cliffs and waterfalls amidst laurel forests.
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Levada do Rei – a gentle, easy, panoramic route through lush forest vegetation.
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Levada do Furado – offers views of the north coast.
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Vereda dos Balcões – a short but picturesque trail with a viewpoint.
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Vereda do Fanal – a walk through a mysterious forest, often shrouded in morning mist.
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Vereda do Pico Ruivo (from Achada do Teixeira) – a challenging ascent with breathtaking views.
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Caminho Real do Paúl do Mar – alpine trekking from Paul da Serra to the ocean, passing through sections of Laurissilva.
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Levada 25 Fontes and Risco – one of the most beautiful routes, a picturesque hike to waterfalls and springs surrounded by dense Laurissilva.
Difficulty level and tips:
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Easy – Levada das 25 Fontes, to Caldeirão Verde, Levada do Rei – minimal elevation gain, ideal for everyone, especially families with children.
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Intermediate – Vereda do Fanal, Caminho Real – require sturdy footwear and caution on wet terrain. Most trails are moderately difficult, but some require a good level of fitness.
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Advanced – the ascent to Pico Ruivo – steep paths, changeable weather conditions; experience, equipment and excellent physical fitness are required. It is worth taking comfortable hiking boots and a rain jacket – the weather in the mountains can be changeable.
THE LAURISILVA FOREST AS A UNESCO SITE – CONSERVATION AND ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Madeira’s laurel forests, known as Laurissilva, are one of the best-preserved remnants of Europe’s Tertiary-era primeval forests. Their value has been recognised by UNESCO, which inscribed them on the World Heritage List in 1999. This is not merely a prestigious title – it is a commitment to protecting one of the continent’s most valuable ecosystems, whose survival today depends on responsible tourism and sustainable human activity.
Why is the laurel forest on the UNESCO list?
Primarily because of their biological uniqueness and exceptional ecological role. They encompass a vast area of endemic plant and animal species, many of which are found nowhere else in the world. Their structure and composition have remained virtually untouched since prehistoric times – it is precisely this authenticity and biological continuity that have led to them being recognised as a heritage of humanity of global significance. Furthermore, these forests constitute a living time capsule, revealing what the landscape of southern Europe looked like before the Ice Age.
Impact on Madeira’s climate and hydrology
Thanks to their unique ability to condense moisture from the mist, these forests act as a natural reservoir of drinking water for the island. The moisture trapped by the dense tree canopies and mosses seeps into the soil, feeding the system of levadas and underground springs that have ensured Madeira’s water security for centuries. This means that the Laurissilva plays a key role not only in biodiversity, but also in the day-to-day functioning of ecosystems, agriculture and the island’s inhabitants.
PRACTICAL TIPS FOR VISITORS TO THE LAUREL FOREST ON MADEIRA
Want to make the most of the Laurissilva forest? Here are some tried-and-tested tips from local guides and experienced visitors to ensure your visit is both memorable and safe.
When is the best time to visit the Laurisilva forest?
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Spring (April–June) – flowers in bloom and pleasant weather.
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Autumn (September–November) – the best time to visit, with fewer tourists.
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Avoid winter (December–February) – difficult conditions, mud and morning fog.
What should you take on a trek?
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Comfortable hiking boots, a rain jacket, and a hat.
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Torch/headlamp, offline maps/GPS.
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Water, snacks, and a power bank.
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Trekking poles (optional).
Safety and nature conservation
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Do not pick plants or disturb animals.
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Stay on the designated paths.
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Take your rubbish away with you; do not feed wild animals.
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Respect the peace and quiet – the forest is home to many endemic species.
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT THE LAUREL FOREST ON MADEIRA (FAQ)
Is the laurel forest suitable for families with children?
Yes, some trails (e.g. Vereda dos Balcões) are easy and short.
Is it better to explore the forest on your own or with a guide?
Most of the routes are well signposted, but a guide can help you discover more interesting sights.
What are the nature conservation rules in Laurisilva?
It is forbidden to damage plants, leave litter or stray from the designated paths.
Is camping allowed?
NO – wild camping is prohibited.
What’s the best way to get there?
Car, transfer, guided tour. Public transport rarely goes into the mountains.
Are the trails well signposted?
Yes – most PR trails are clearly signposted.
Is the forest accessible all year round?
Yes, although trails may be temporarily closed following heavy rainfall.
Is there an entry fee for Laurissilva?
No, the forest is open to the public and free of charge.
SUMMARY
The laurel forests of Madeira are not only the island’s green pride and joy, but also one of Europe’s most beautiful ecosystems. Their majestic beauty, biodiversity and ecological value make them a must-see for any tourist visiting the island. Whether you’re a keen hiker or simply seeking contact with unspoilt nature, the Laurissilva will enchant you. And if you love nature, be sure to plan a visit to this unique forest!
Check out: Madeira – tours
THE LAUREL FOREST ON MADEIRA – A MAGICAL NATURAL RELIC
The laurel forest (Laurisilva) is one of Madeira’s most precious natural treasures. This evergreen forest, covering the island’s mountain slopes, is a true relic of the Tertiary period. Its lush vegetation, endemic species and mystical atmosphere attract nature lovers from all over the world. If you’re planning a visit to Madeira, the Laurisilva is a place you simply mustn’t miss!
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